ABSTRACT
The toxicity and the physiological effects of insecticides, chlorozan, marshal and deltamethnne and the alternative pesticides spinosad and proclaim on the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria were tested. The toxicity index, LC50 values after 24 hrs were 171.16, 44.29 and 410.05 ppm. for chlorozan, marshal and deltamethnne, respectively. Also the values of LC50 after 48 hrs were 425.58 and 101.58 ppm. for spinosad and proclaim, respectively. The effect of all tested insecticides, on the total and different haemocytes count of the 4[th] instar nymphs of Schistocerca gregaria were evaluated. The obtained results revealed that the total haemocyte counts were clearly affected by insecticides tested at LC50 values. Chlorozan and proclaim decreased the total haemocytes count [THCs] 50% compared to control. Also marshal and deltamethrine decreased the total haemocyte count by 35 and 18.3%, respectively. While spinosad showed a slight decreasing in the total haemocyte by 8.9% compared to control. Six different haemocyte types were identified as prohaemocytes [pr], granulocytes [gr], non-granulocytes [n-gr], plasmatocytes [pi], oenocytes [oe] and spherulocytes [sph] cells were monitored. In general, all the tested insecticides decreased the counts of all the haemocyte types. The application of spinosad increased the pr, pi, oe and sph. While it dercreased both n-gr. and gr. The toxicological profile of the tested pesticides described herein characterizes their effects on S. gregaria haemocyte types and the total haemocytes count [THCs] when compared with control. These results could be indicate a new proposed mode of action to those friendly environmental promising compounds
Subject(s)
Hemocytes/drug effects , Pest Control , Orthoptera/drug effectsABSTRACT
The present work deals with chemical constituents, insecticidal and biological studies of jojoba oil. Its saponifiable and unsaponifiable matters of the lipid were studied against Schistocerca gregaria. In addition, the effect of supplementation of jojoba oil and its defatted meal on albino rats. The chemical analysis of saponifiable matter showed that alpha-linolenic acid was found to be the major constituents, in fatty acids [37.1%] followed by nervonic acid [13.8%]. The main constituents of unsaponifiable matter were fatty alcohols, represent 53.84% and 9-octadecen-l-ol was detected with high quantity [41.35%]. The hydrocarbons were also detected in high quantity, 1, 21-docosadiene was the main hydrocarbons [20.64%]. The higher level of jojoba oil induced the lowest eaten area percentage [30.3%] of S. gregaria, followed by the unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters [39.5% and 47.4%], respectively. Antifeedant and protection activity percentage were increased by increasing the concentration. The highest mortality percentage [100%] of S. gregaria nymphs was recorded at 10% jojoba oil while it was [93.3%] in the case of unsaponifiable matter. The biochemical evaluation on albino rats showed that supplementation of 4% jojoba oil to an atherogenic diet [containing 1% cholesterol, 10% animal fat and 0.25% cholic acid] led to a reduction in serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols levels after three weeks; the decrease amounted to 33.1% and 20.8%, respectively. The remainder after oil extraction is referred to defatted jojoba meal. Rats fed diet supplemented with 10% defatted jojoba meal had [after 14 days] a significant reduction in mean values of body weight, food intake and faecal excretion compared to control group but showed no significant change in serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases activity and creatinine levels